Who Invented the Word Legal

The Old Testament dates back to 1280 BC. AD and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society. The small Greek city-state, Ancient Athens, dating back to the 8th century BC was the first society based on a broad inclusion of its citizens, excluding women and the slave class. Athens, however, had no jurisprudence or a single word for “law,”[60] but rather relied on the threefold distinction between divine law (themis), human decree (nomos), and custom (díkē). [61] However, ancient Greek law contained important constitutional innovations in the development of democracy. [62] Contemporary legal English is known to be obscure and complicated. He uses long and complex sentences that often run for what would normally be a standard English paragraph. In addition, he uses unfamiliar grammar and words in common English usage – words like “wrong” and “chattel” and archaic-sounding expressions and phrases such as “notwithstanding” and “within and under the provisions of”. The legal system of the United States developed primarily from the English common law system (with the exception of the State of Louisiana, which continued to follow the French civil system after its admission to statehood). Some concepts of Spanish law, such as the doctrine of prior appropriation and community ownership, still exist in some American states, particularly those that were part of the Mexican cession in 1848. Today, the need for basic legal English is greater than ever – from laypeople seeking legal help, to freelancers and small businesses negotiating contracts, to consumers navigating sophisticated digital and physical products and services. Simple legal English makes the law more accessible in the age of human rights and rapidly changing legal systems and technologies. Civil law is the legal system used in most countries of the world today.

In civil law, the sources recognized as authoritative are mainly legislation – especially codifications in constitutions or laws adopted by the government – and customary law. [83] Codifications date back millennia, with an early example being the Babylonian Codex Hammurabi. Modern civil law systems derive essentially from legal systems promulgated by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in the 6th century and rediscovered by Italy in the 11th century. [84] Roman law at the time of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was highly procedural and lacked a professional legal class. [85] Instead, a lay judge, iudex, was chosen to rule. Decisions were not systematically published, so that any case law that developed was obscured and almost unrecognized. [86] Each case should be redecided from state laws, reflecting the (theoretical) insignificance of judges` decisions for future cases in today`s civil justice systems. From 529 to 534 AD, the Byzantine emperor Justinian I codified and consolidated. Roman law, so that only one-twentieth of the mass of legal texts of the past remained.

[87] This corpus became known as the Corpus Juris Civilis. As one legal historian wrote, “Justinian consciously looked back at the golden age of Roman law and sought to bring it back to the peak it had reached three centuries earlier.” [88] The Justinian Codex remained in force in the East until the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Western Europe, on the other hand, relied on a mixture of Theodosian codices and Germanic customary law until the Justinian codex was rediscovered in the 11th century and researchers at the University of Bologna used it to interpret their own laws. [89] Civil codifications closely based on Roman law spread throughout Europe, as well as some influences of religious laws such as canon law, until the Enlightenment; Im 19. In the nineteenth century, France with the Civil Code and Germany with the Civil Code modernized their legal systems. Both codes have strongly influenced not only the legal systems of continental European countries (e.g. Greece), but also the Japanese and Korean legal traditions. [90] [91] Today, countries with civil justice systems range from Russia] and Turkey to most Central and Latin American countries.

[92] The legal framework of the state and obedience to the law, in which industrial society is embedded, threatens to collapse. Roman law was strongly influenced by Greek doctrine. [24] It is the bridge to the modern legal world, in the centuries between the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. [25] Roman law was highly procedural at the time of the Roman Republic and the Empire, and there was no professional legal class. [26] Instead, a layman, iudex, was chosen to judge. Precedents have not been reported, so any jurisdiction that has developed has been obscured and almost not recognized. [27] Each case should be redecided from state laws, reflecting the (theoretical) insignificance of judges` decisions for future cases in today`s civil justice systems. During the 6th century AD in the Eastern Roman Empire, Emperor Justinian codified and consolidated the laws that had existed in Rome, so that what remained was one-twentieth of the mass of legal texts of the past. [28] This has been called the Corpus Juris Civilis. As one legal historian wrote, “Justinian consciously looked back at the golden age of Roman law and sought to bring it back to the peak it had reached three centuries earlier.” [29] Legal research to determine current legal status is important to legal practice in the common law tradition. This usually involves reviewing case reports, legal journals and legislation. Legal practice also includes the preparation of documents such as court briefs, persuasive pleadings, contracts or wills and trusts.

Negotiation and dispute resolution skills (including alternative dispute resolution techniques) are also important for legal practice, depending on the area of expertise. [160] After much of the West was consolidated under Charlemagne, law was centralized to strengthen the royal court system and, consequently, jurisprudence and abolish popular law. However, after the final fragmentation of Charlemagne`s kingdom, Europe became feudal and law was generally not regulated above the county, municipality or dominion level, creating a highly decentralized legal culture that fostered the development of customary law based on localized jurisprudence. In the 11th century, after plundering the Byzantine Empire, the Crusaders returned with Byzantine legal texts, including the Justinian Codex, and scholars at the University of Bologna were the first to use them to interpret their own customary laws. [30] Medieval European jurists began to study Roman law and use its concepts[31] and paved the way for the partial resurrection of Roman law as modern civil law in much of the world. [32] However, there was great resistance, so civil law competed with customary law for much of the late Middle Ages. After accreditation, a lawyer often works in a law firm, in a chamber as an individual practitioner, in a government position, or in a private company as an in-house lawyer. In addition, a lawyer can become a legal researcher who offers legal research on demand through a library, commercial service, or freelance work.

Many people with legal training use their skills entirely outside the legal field. [160] It is more common for Indo-European languages to use different words for “a particular law” and for “law” in the general sense of “institution or body of law”, e.g. Latin lex “a law”, ius “a law”, especially “legal law, law”. Around 1900, Max Weber defined his “scientific” approach to law and identified the “juridical rational form” as a type of domination that was not due to personal authority, but to the authority of abstract norms. [238] Formal legal rationality was his term for the key feature of this type of coherent and predictable law that was a prerequisite for modern political developments and the modern bureaucratic state.